Thank you all for the rich and diverse insights that contributed to the discussion on the effectiveness of large-scale development projects. The collective reflections underscore that while project size can influence outcomes, it is not the sole determinant of success. Key factors such as contextual relevance, governance structures, community engagement, and adaptive capacity play pivotal roles.
The following are the major points from this discussion.
Structural limitations of big projects Several participants highlighted inherent challenges common to large projects. For example, Lila critiques overambitious theories of change and limited local engagement, emphasizing the disconnect between intentions (e.g., food security) and unrealistic activities (e.g., one-day training). In his detailed analysis, Prof. Tinsley points to high transaction costs caused by multilayered management, where administrative overheads dilute resources intended for beneficiaries.
Serdar notes the lack of genuine community participation, with consultations often confined to the inception phase—undermining co-design. Divya brings in an equity lens, warning of elite capture and misaligned funding, where power dynamics can silence local voices. Shriniwas raises concerns over potential governance failures, such as poor coordination in overly complex project designs that prioritize donor visibility over lasting impact.
2. Large Interventions can also succeed under specific conditions Some contributors shared examples of large projects succeeding when well-integrated, purpose-driven, and contextually grounded. Pramel cites India’s high-density, locally focused investments as successful cases. Similarly, Serdar commends Afghanistan’s FAO-led irrigation program for blending infrastructure development with capacity building and environmental benefits. Eddah notes that large projects tend to perform well in infrastructure and humanitarian contexts but face limitations in sectors like health and agriculture, where smaller, targeted initiatives often prove more effective.
3. For the success of the intervention, consideration of context, sustainability, and knowledge continuity is key Several scholars stressed the importance of contextual alignment, cultural fit, flexible monitoring, and local capacity development to ensure the successful interventions. For example, Zhiqi highlights the role of cultural embeddedness and behavioral resonance by contrasting the success of microfinance in Bangladesh (community-driven) with its failure in China (top-down). Ojha advocates for participatory monitoring to reflect local dynamics and cautions against rigid, globally imposed frameworks.
Others pointed out systemic gaps that hinder effectiveness. Anna Maria argues that a skilled and grounded team can often outweigh the benefits of scale, as small projects can deliver outsized impact. Charles warns of knowledge discontinuity in large projects due to reliance on short-term consultants, which weakens institutional memory. Hailu emphasizes the need for iterative learning to navigate complex environments, regardless of project size. Imtiaz highlights the key factors affecting the project's success, such as good management approaches and an understanding of the project's complexities.
The consensus is that scale alone does not determine success or failure. However, large projects tend to face recurring structural challenges. The discussion highlights that scale can be leveraged more effectively through co-design (with strong local integration), contextualised interventions rooted in local realities, and investment in local systems that prioritize capacity building and downward accountability. Ultimately, project effectiveness depends on purposeful design, equitable governance, and adaptive learning, not merely the size of the budget. To move beyond the binary of ‘big’ vs ‘small,’ we must instead ask how and for whom the project is implemented.
A comprehensive summary of this discussion will be made available shortly. It will be accessible in English, Spanish, and French. Please check back soon for updates.
RE: Do Big Projects Deliver Effective Solutions in a Complex World?
Nepal
Ram Khanal
Advisor
Community of Evaluator (COE) Nepal
Posted on 26/04/2025
Thank you all for the rich and diverse insights that contributed to the discussion on the effectiveness of large-scale development projects. The collective reflections underscore that while project size can influence outcomes, it is not the sole determinant of success. Key factors such as contextual relevance, governance structures, community engagement, and adaptive capacity play pivotal roles.
The following are the major points from this discussion.
Structural limitations of big projects
Several participants highlighted inherent challenges common to large projects. For example, Lila critiques overambitious theories of change and limited local engagement, emphasizing the disconnect between intentions (e.g., food security) and unrealistic activities (e.g., one-day training). In his detailed analysis, Prof. Tinsley points to high transaction costs caused by multilayered management, where administrative overheads dilute resources intended for beneficiaries.
Serdar notes the lack of genuine community participation, with consultations often confined to the inception phase—undermining co-design. Divya brings in an equity lens, warning of elite capture and misaligned funding, where power dynamics can silence local voices. Shriniwas raises concerns over potential governance failures, such as poor coordination in overly complex project designs that prioritize donor visibility over lasting impact.
2. Large Interventions can also succeed under specific conditions
Some contributors shared examples of large projects succeeding when well-integrated, purpose-driven, and contextually grounded. Pramel cites India’s high-density, locally focused investments as successful cases. Similarly, Serdar commends Afghanistan’s FAO-led irrigation program for blending infrastructure development with capacity building and environmental benefits. Eddah notes that large projects tend to perform well in infrastructure and humanitarian contexts but face limitations in sectors like health and agriculture, where smaller, targeted initiatives often prove more effective.
3. For the success of the intervention, consideration of context, sustainability, and knowledge continuity is key
Several scholars stressed the importance of contextual alignment, cultural fit, flexible monitoring, and local capacity development to ensure the successful interventions. For example, Zhiqi highlights the role of cultural embeddedness and behavioral resonance by contrasting the success of microfinance in Bangladesh (community-driven) with its failure in China (top-down). Ojha advocates for participatory monitoring to reflect local dynamics and cautions against rigid, globally imposed frameworks.
Others pointed out systemic gaps that hinder effectiveness. Anna Maria argues that a skilled and grounded team can often outweigh the benefits of scale, as small projects can deliver outsized impact. Charles warns of knowledge discontinuity in large projects due to reliance on short-term consultants, which weakens institutional memory. Hailu emphasizes the need for iterative learning to navigate complex environments, regardless of project size. Imtiaz highlights the key factors affecting the project's success, such as good management approaches and an understanding of the project's complexities.
The consensus is that scale alone does not determine success or failure.
However, large projects tend to face recurring structural challenges. The discussion highlights that scale can be leveraged more effectively through co-design (with strong local integration), contextualised interventions rooted in local realities, and investment in local systems that prioritize capacity building and downward accountability. Ultimately, project effectiveness depends on purposeful design, equitable governance, and adaptive learning, not merely the size of the budget. To move beyond the binary of ‘big’ vs ‘small,’ we must instead ask how and for whom the project is implemented.
A comprehensive summary of this discussion will be made available shortly. It will be accessible in English, Spanish, and French. Please check back soon for updates.